{"id":40022,"date":"2021-09-16T12:49:51","date_gmt":"2021-09-16T02:49:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hudson.org.au?post_type=disease&#038;p=40022"},"modified":"2026-04-14T12:03:12","modified_gmt":"2026-04-14T02:03:12","slug":"antimicrobial-resistance","status":"publish","type":"disease","link":"https:\/\/hudson.org.au\/disease\/inflammation\/antimicrobial-resistance\/","title":{"rendered":"Antimicrobial resistance"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"block bd-grid-container bd-grid-container--white bd-grid-container--layout-2-col-50-50 w-full max-w-screen h-full\">\n    <div class=\"relative flex h-full items-center pt-14 md:pt-20 lg:pt-28 pb-14 md:pb-20 lg:pb-28 hn-container mx-auto px-5 md:px-8 xl:px-12\">\n        <div class=\"bd-grid-container__innerblocks w-full grid grid-cols-4 sm:grid-cols-12 gap-10 bd-grid-container-layout--2-col-50-50\">\n\n<div class=\"bd-grid-container__column flex w-full col-span-4 sm:col-span-6            \">\n    <div class=\"w-full wp-block-bd-grid-container-column\">\n        <div class=\"grid-container-column__innerblocks cms-content\n                            \">\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Infectious diseases are caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites that enter the body and cause damage to our tissues. Antimicrobial resistance occurs when these infectious agents become resistant to the drugs that would normally kill them or inhibit their growth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:10px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified antimicrobial resistance as one of the top ten global public health threats that has the potential to reverse the great advances of medicine in the last 100 years. The global problem of anti-microbial resistance is largely due to genetic changes that arise in bacteria as these organisms are exposed to antibiotics. This natural form of biological evolution has been accelerated by factors such as misuse of prescription antibiotics, poor adherence to dose and regimens, counterfeit or substandard antibiotic preparations in some countries, poor infection control and global trade and travel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If antimicrobial resistance advances at its current pace, medicine will reach the point where we are no longer able to treat common bacterial infections. Research organisations, such as Hudson Institute, are joining the worldwide effort to prevent this from happening.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"bd-grid-container__column flex w-full col-span-4 sm:col-span-6            \">\n    <div class=\"w-full wp-block-bd-grid-container-column\">\n        <div class=\"grid-container-column__innerblocks cms-content\n                            \">\n\n    <div class=\"block-faqs mb-12\">\n        \n            <div class=\"faq w-full flex flex-col bg-gray-100 mb-1\">\n                <div class=\"faq__question group relative py-4 pl-4 pr-16 sm:py-6 sm:pl-6 sm:pr-16 cursor-pointer\" data-target=\"block_00fb62a14beeaccc4e1511ebc3e2e987-answer-1\">\n                    <h3 class=\"text-lg sm:text-xl font-bold text-blue-800 leading-tight group-hover:text-blue-500\" class=\"text-lg sm:text-xl font-bold text-blue-800 leading-tight group-hover:text-blue-500\" id=\"what-causes-antimicrobial-resistance\">What causes antimicrobial resistance?<\/h3>\n                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hudson.org.au\/wp-content\/themes\/hudson-au\/img\/arrow-down--pink.svg\" class=\"faq__arrow absolute w-auto h-3 transform transition-transform duration-300 -rotate-90\" style=\"top: calc(50% - (.75rem \/ 2)); right: 1.5rem;\" \/>\n                <\/div>\n                <div id=\"block_00fb62a14beeaccc4e1511ebc3e2e987-answer-1\" class=\"faq__answer cms-content px-4 sm:px-6 pb-4 sm:pb-6 hidden\">\n                    <div class=\"cms-content\">\n                        <p>Antimicrobial resistance is caused by changes to the genetic code of the infectious agent. Acquisition and spread of these genetic changes are influenced by a range of factors, including<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Increased use, overuse, and misuse of antibiotics and anti-virals in healthcare<\/li>\n<li>The large-scale use of antibiotics in food producing animals and agriculture<\/li>\n<li>Excreted antibiotics seeping into wastewater, soil and farming<\/li>\n<li>Rapid pathogen evolution.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Affected medications include<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Antibiotics<\/li>\n<li>Antiviral agents<\/li>\n<li>Antifungal medication<\/li>\n<li>Antiparasitic medication.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n                    <\/div>\n\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            \n            <div class=\"faq w-full flex flex-col bg-gray-100 mb-1\">\n                <div class=\"faq__question group relative py-4 pl-4 pr-16 sm:py-6 sm:pl-6 sm:pr-16 cursor-pointer\" data-target=\"block_00fb62a14beeaccc4e1511ebc3e2e987-answer-2\">\n                    <h3 class=\"text-lg sm:text-xl font-bold text-blue-800 leading-tight group-hover:text-blue-500\" class=\"text-lg sm:text-xl font-bold text-blue-800 leading-tight group-hover:text-blue-500\" id=\"why-is-antimicrobial-resistance-a-problem\">Why is antimicrobial resistance a problem?<\/h3>\n                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hudson.org.au\/wp-content\/themes\/hudson-au\/img\/arrow-down--pink.svg\" class=\"faq__arrow absolute w-auto h-3 transform transition-transform duration-300 -rotate-90\" style=\"top: calc(50% - (.75rem \/ 2)); right: 1.5rem;\" \/>\n                <\/div>\n                <div id=\"block_00fb62a14beeaccc4e1511ebc3e2e987-answer-2\" class=\"faq__answer cms-content px-4 sm:px-6 pb-4 sm:pb-6 hidden\">\n                    <div class=\"cms-content\">\n                        <p>The ability of antibiotics and other drugs to treat infection is a vital part of healthcare. Without effective antibiotics, even minor surgery and routine operations could become high risk procedures. Antibiotics are used routinely with cancer therapies, organ transplants and joint replacements to mitigate the risk of a life-threatening infection.<\/p>\n<p>The increased resistance of bacteria to multiple antibiotics* is an urgent threat to human health globally. Multi-drug resistant bacteria drive more serious illness and longer hospital stays, placing more strain on the health system. Some people have died from infections that antibiotics can no longer treat.<\/p>\n<p>People with a drug-resistant infection may<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Be sick longer<\/li>\n<li>Be more difficult to treat<\/li>\n<li>Require more complex care and longer hospital stays<\/li>\n<li>Need more expensive care and medications<\/li>\n<li>Be at increased risk of spreading their illness.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>*Antimicrobial resistance refers to resistance in bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. Antibiotic resistance refers specifically to resistance in bacteria.<\/em><\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            \n            <div class=\"faq w-full flex flex-col bg-gray-100 mb-1\">\n                <div class=\"faq__question group relative py-4 pl-4 pr-16 sm:py-6 sm:pl-6 sm:pr-16 cursor-pointer\" data-target=\"block_00fb62a14beeaccc4e1511ebc3e2e987-answer-3\">\n                    <h3 class=\"text-lg sm:text-xl font-bold text-blue-800 leading-tight group-hover:text-blue-500\" class=\"text-lg sm:text-xl font-bold text-blue-800 leading-tight group-hover:text-blue-500\" id=\"what-are-the-implications-for-treatment\">What are the implications for treatment?<\/h3>\n                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hudson.org.au\/wp-content\/themes\/hudson-au\/img\/arrow-down--pink.svg\" class=\"faq__arrow absolute w-auto h-3 transform transition-transform duration-300 -rotate-90\" style=\"top: calc(50% - (.75rem \/ 2)); right: 1.5rem;\" \/>\n                <\/div>\n                <div id=\"block_00fb62a14beeaccc4e1511ebc3e2e987-answer-3\" class=\"faq__answer cms-content px-4 sm:px-6 pb-4 sm:pb-6 hidden\">\n                    <div class=\"cms-content\">\n                        <p>From the 1960s to the 1980s, the pharmaceutical industry developed several new classes of antibiotics. However, since then, there has been a dearth of new drugs developed to combat the emergence of multi-drug resistance. As a result, infections caused by multi-drug-resistant germs known as \u2018superbugs\u2019 can be all but impossible to treat.<\/p>\n<p>The risk of infections caused by antibiotic-resistant organisms becoming more serious and more difficult to treat. These microbes can cause many illnesses, including<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/hudson.org.au\/disease\/inflammation\/gastroenteritis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gastroenteritis<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/hudson.org.au\/disease\/inflammation\/gastroenteritis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stomach cancer<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/hudson.org.au\/disease\/inflammation\/gastroenteritis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pneumonia<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Urinary tract infection and pyelonephritis<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/hudson.org.au\/disease\/inflammation\/influenza\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Influenza<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Malaria<\/li>\n<li>Gonorrhoea<\/li>\n<li>Strep throat<\/li>\n<li>Tuberculosis<\/li>\n<li>Typhoid.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n                    <\/div>\n\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            \n            <div class=\"faq w-full flex flex-col bg-gray-100 mb-1\">\n                <div class=\"faq__question group relative py-4 pl-4 pr-16 sm:py-6 sm:pl-6 sm:pr-16 cursor-pointer\" data-target=\"block_00fb62a14beeaccc4e1511ebc3e2e987-answer-4\">\n                    <h3 class=\"text-lg sm:text-xl font-bold text-blue-800 leading-tight group-hover:text-blue-500\" class=\"text-lg sm:text-xl font-bold text-blue-800 leading-tight group-hover:text-blue-500\" id=\"diagnosis-and-treatment\">Diagnosis and treatment<\/h3>\n                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hudson.org.au\/wp-content\/themes\/hudson-au\/img\/arrow-down--pink.svg\" class=\"faq__arrow absolute w-auto h-3 transform transition-transform duration-300 -rotate-90\" style=\"top: calc(50% - (.75rem \/ 2)); right: 1.5rem;\" \/>\n                <\/div>\n                <div id=\"block_00fb62a14beeaccc4e1511ebc3e2e987-answer-4\" class=\"faq__answer cms-content px-4 sm:px-6 pb-4 sm:pb-6 hidden\">\n                    <div class=\"cms-content\">\n                        <p>Laboratory and genetic tests can identify which microbe is causing an infection and whether it is resistant to certain antimicrobial medications. If an antimicrobial-resistant infection is identified, doctors may need to try a different medication or prescribe a higher dose for longer. They may also try a combination of medicines or other treatments.<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            \n            <div class=\"faq w-full flex flex-col bg-gray-100 mb-1\">\n                <div class=\"faq__question group relative py-4 pl-4 pr-16 sm:py-6 sm:pl-6 sm:pr-16 cursor-pointer\" data-target=\"block_00fb62a14beeaccc4e1511ebc3e2e987-answer-5\">\n                    <h3 class=\"text-lg sm:text-xl font-bold text-blue-800 leading-tight group-hover:text-blue-500\" class=\"text-lg sm:text-xl font-bold text-blue-800 leading-tight group-hover:text-blue-500\" id=\"how-to-combat-antimicrobial-resistance\">How to combat antimicrobial resistance<\/h3>\n                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hudson.org.au\/wp-content\/themes\/hudson-au\/img\/arrow-down--pink.svg\" class=\"faq__arrow absolute w-auto h-3 transform transition-transform duration-300 -rotate-90\" style=\"top: calc(50% - (.75rem \/ 2)); right: 1.5rem;\" \/>\n                <\/div>\n                <div id=\"block_00fb62a14beeaccc4e1511ebc3e2e987-answer-5\" class=\"faq__answer cms-content px-4 sm:px-6 pb-4 sm:pb-6 hidden\">\n                    <div class=\"cms-content\">\n                        <p>You can play a role in reducing the risk of infection and the need for antibiotics and other antimicrobial medications by<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Taking medications when necessary and as prescribed<\/li>\n<li>Being aware of increased risk of infection in chronic conditions, such as diabetes<\/li>\n<li>Ensuring all relevant vaccinations are up to date<\/li>\n<li>Practicing good hygiene around animals and around the home.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n                    <\/div>\n\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n\n\n<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"block bd-grid-container bd-grid-container--grey bd-grid-container--layout-2-col-33-67 w-full max-w-screen h-full\">\n    <div class=\"relative flex h-full items-center pt-14 md:pt-20 lg:pt-28 pb-14 md:pb-20 lg:pb-28 hn-container mx-auto px-5 md:px-8 xl:px-12\">\n        <div class=\"bd-grid-container__innerblocks w-full grid grid-cols-4 sm:grid-cols-12 gap-10 bd-grid-container-layout--2-col-33-67\">\n\n<div class=\"bd-grid-container__column flex w-full col-span-4 sm:col-span-4            \">\n    <div class=\"w-full wp-block-bd-grid-container-column\">\n        <div class=\"grid-container-column__innerblocks cms-content\n                            \">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-our-antimicrobial-resistance-research\">Our antimicrobial resistance research<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Hudson Institute researchers are at the forefront of the fight against antimicrobial resistance. Our researchers have a deep knowledge of bacterial growth dynamics and the diseases they cause, as well as human immune responses to infections, and how bacteria fight back.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We are working to overcome antimicrobial resistance by studying<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>How common illnesses, such as gastroenteritis and pneumonia are affected by antimicrobial resistance<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How antibiotic resistance spreads<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How bacteria infect cells so we can design drugs to block them<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How our immune system controls bacterial infection so that we can enhance it against drug resistant bacteria and viruses<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ways to enable our microbiome to resist infection with pathogens<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Identify new compounds and pathways that can be used to target resistant bacteria.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"bd-grid-container__column flex w-full col-span-4 sm:col-span-8            \">\n    <div class=\"w-full wp-block-bd-grid-container-column\">\n        <div class=\"grid-container-column__innerblocks cms-content\n                            \">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-antimicrobial-resistance-research-projects-underway\">Antimicrobial resistance research projects underway<\/h2>\n\n\n\n    <div class=\"block-faqs mb-12\">\n        \n            <div class=\"faq w-full flex flex-col bg-white border-b-4 border-pink-500 shadow-lg-center mb-2\">\n                <div class=\"faq__question group relative py-4 pl-4 pr-16 sm:py-6 sm:pl-6 sm:pr-16 cursor-pointer\" data-target=\"block_7acc8279c462a0cabf615e1955ef9f19-answer-1\">\n                    <h3 class=\"text-lg sm:text-xl font-bold text-blue-800 leading-tight group-hover:text-blue-500\" class=\"text-lg sm:text-xl font-bold text-blue-800 leading-tight group-hover:text-blue-500\" id=\"high-tech-drug-screening-against-cell-invading-bacteria\">High-tech drug screening against cell-invading bacteria <\/h3>\n                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hudson.org.au\/wp-content\/themes\/hudson-au\/img\/arrow-down--pink.svg\" class=\"faq__arrow absolute w-auto h-3 transform transition-transform duration-300 rotate-0\" style=\"top: calc(50% - (.75rem \/ 2)); right: 1.5rem;\" \/>\n                <\/div>\n                <div id=\"block_7acc8279c462a0cabf615e1955ef9f19-answer-1\" class=\"faq__answer cms-content px-4 sm:px-6 pb-4 sm:pb-6 block\">\n                    <div class=\"cms-content\">\n                        <p><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-16701 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/hudson.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/008_Elizabeth-Hartland_20171019-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"Professor Elizabeth Hartland\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/hudson.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/008_Elizabeth-Hartland_20171019-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/hudson.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/008_Elizabeth-Hartland_20171019-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/hudson.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/008_Elizabeth-Hartland_20171019-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/hudson.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/008_Elizabeth-Hartland_20171019-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/hudson.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/008_Elizabeth-Hartland_20171019-1000x1000.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/hudson.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/008_Elizabeth-Hartland_20171019-320x320.jpg 320w, https:\/\/hudson.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/008_Elizabeth-Hartland_20171019.jpg 1802w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/strong>Repurposing drugs used to treat unrelated conditions is a new approach to treating multidrug resistant bacteria infections.<\/p>\n<p>Led by Professor Elizabeth Hartland AM, this project uses high-throughput technology to screen drug samples against bacteria that replicate within human cells, including <em>Salmonella <\/em>Typhimurium and <em>Legionella pneumophila.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Unlike traditional antibiotics that directly target bacteria, this work will identify compounds that boost protective responses in human cells or block human cell processes fundamental to bacterial growth.<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n\n                                            <div class=\"related_researchers\">\n                            <ul class=\"flex flex-wrap mt-4 -mb-1\">\n                                                                    <li class=\"inline-flex mr-1 mb-1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/hudson.org.au\/researcher-profile\/elizabeth-hartland\/\" class=\"px-4 py-2 bg-pink-500 leading-none text-sm text-white rounded-full\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"staff-full-name\">Professor Elizabeth Hartland AM<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n                                                                    <li class=\"inline-flex mr-1 mb-1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/hudson.org.au\/researcher-profile\/garrett-ng\/\" class=\"px-4 py-2 bg-pink-500 leading-none text-sm text-white rounded-full\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"staff-full-name\">Dr Garrett Ng<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n                                                                    <li class=\"inline-flex mr-1 mb-1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/hudson.org.au\/researcher-profile\/cristina-giogha\/\" class=\"px-4 py-2 bg-pink-500 leading-none text-sm text-white rounded-full\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"staff-full-name\">Dr Cristina Giogha<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n                                                            <\/ul>\n                        <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            \n            <div class=\"faq w-full flex flex-col bg-white border-b-4 border-pink-500 shadow-lg-center mb-2\">\n                <div class=\"faq__question group relative py-4 pl-4 pr-16 sm:py-6 sm:pl-6 sm:pr-16 cursor-pointer\" data-target=\"block_7acc8279c462a0cabf615e1955ef9f19-answer-2\">\n                    <h3 class=\"text-lg sm:text-xl font-bold text-blue-800 leading-tight group-hover:text-blue-500\" class=\"text-lg sm:text-xl font-bold text-blue-800 leading-tight group-hover:text-blue-500\" id=\"antimicrobial-resistance-in-the-human-microbiota-microorganisms\">Antimicrobial resistance in the human microbiota (microorganisms)<\/h3>\n                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hudson.org.au\/wp-content\/themes\/hudson-au\/img\/arrow-down--pink.svg\" class=\"faq__arrow absolute w-auto h-3 transform transition-transform duration-300 -rotate-90\" style=\"top: calc(50% - (.75rem \/ 2)); right: 1.5rem;\" \/>\n                <\/div>\n                <div id=\"block_7acc8279c462a0cabf615e1955ef9f19-answer-2\" class=\"faq__answer cms-content px-4 sm:px-6 pb-4 sm:pb-6 hidden\">\n                    <div class=\"cms-content\">\n                        <p><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-27901 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/hudson.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/WEBSITE-_-Home-Page-News-Item-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"Dr Sam Forster\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/>Molecular studies. <\/strong>Antimicrobial resistance is emerging at an alarming level, rendering some bacterial infections untreatable and increasing dependence on last line antibiotics.<\/p>\n<p>Prof Sam Forster and his team are seeking to describe antimicrobial resistance within the naturally occurring gut bacteria to help identify the most effective antibiotics to use. The aim of this work is to help minimise the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance in hospitals and the community.<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n\n                                            <div class=\"related_researchers\">\n                            <ul class=\"flex flex-wrap mt-4 -mb-1\">\n                                                                    <li class=\"inline-flex mr-1 mb-1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/hudson.org.au\/researcher-profile\/samuel-forster\/\" class=\"px-4 py-2 bg-pink-500 leading-none text-sm text-white rounded-full\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"staff-full-name\">Professor Samuel Forster<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n                                                                    <li class=\"inline-flex mr-1 mb-1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/hudson.org.au\/researcher-profile\/emily-gulliver\/\" class=\"px-4 py-2 bg-pink-500 leading-none text-sm text-white rounded-full\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"staff-full-name\">Dr Emily Gulliver<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n                                                            <\/ul>\n                        <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            \n            <div class=\"faq w-full flex flex-col bg-white border-b-4 border-pink-500 shadow-lg-center mb-2\">\n                <div class=\"faq__question group relative py-4 pl-4 pr-16 sm:py-6 sm:pl-6 sm:pr-16 cursor-pointer\" data-target=\"block_7acc8279c462a0cabf615e1955ef9f19-answer-3\">\n                    <h3 class=\"text-lg sm:text-xl font-bold text-blue-800 leading-tight group-hover:text-blue-500\" class=\"text-lg sm:text-xl font-bold text-blue-800 leading-tight group-hover:text-blue-500\" id=\"new-therapies-to-prevent-or-treat-helicobacter-pylori-infection\">New therapies to prevent or treat Helicobacter pylori infection<\/h3>\n                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hudson.org.au\/wp-content\/themes\/hudson-au\/img\/arrow-down--pink.svg\" class=\"faq__arrow absolute w-auto h-3 transform transition-transform duration-300 -rotate-90\" style=\"top: calc(50% - (.75rem \/ 2)); right: 1.5rem;\" \/>\n                <\/div>\n                <div id=\"block_7acc8279c462a0cabf615e1955ef9f19-answer-3\" class=\"faq__answer cms-content px-4 sm:px-6 pb-4 sm:pb-6 hidden\">\n                    <div class=\"cms-content\">\n                        <p class=\"p1\"><b><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-21331 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/hudson.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/020_Richard-Ferrero_20180412-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"Professor Richard Ferrero\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/hudson.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/020_Richard-Ferrero_20180412-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/hudson.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/020_Richard-Ferrero_20180412-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/hudson.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/020_Richard-Ferrero_20180412-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/hudson.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/020_Richard-Ferrero_20180412-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/hudson.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/020_Richard-Ferrero_20180412-1000x1000.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/hudson.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/020_Richard-Ferrero_20180412-320x320.jpg 320w, https:\/\/hudson.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/020_Richard-Ferrero_20180412-400x400.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>Molecular studies. <\/b><i>H. pylori<\/i> has been identified by the WHO as one of a small selection of bacteria that pose the most serious threat to human health because of their drug resistance and therefore a high priority for antibiotic research and development.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\">Professor Richard Ferrero and his team are working on a vaccine against <i>H. pylori<\/i> infection and collaborating with Professor Phil Andrews\u2019 group at Monash University, who are developing new metal compounds to treat this infection. The research aim is to develop novel anti-<i>H. pylori<\/i> therapies that are not affected by antibacterial resistance.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n\n                                            <div class=\"related_researchers\">\n                            <ul class=\"flex flex-wrap mt-4 -mb-1\">\n                                                                    <li class=\"inline-flex mr-1 mb-1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/hudson.org.au\/researcher-profile\/richard-ferrero\/\" class=\"px-4 py-2 bg-pink-500 leading-none text-sm text-white rounded-full\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"staff-full-name\">Professor Richard Ferrero<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n                                                            <\/ul>\n                        <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-antimicrobial-resistance-collaborators\">Antimicrobial resistance collaborators<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/biomedicalsciences.unimelb.edu.au\/departments\/microbiology-Immunology\/research\/services\/microbiological-diagnostic-unit-public-health-laboratory\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Microbiological Diagnostic Unit and Public Health Laboratories<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.doherty.edu.au\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unimelb.edu.au\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">University of Melbourne<\/a> \u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/findanexpert.unimelb.edu.au\/profile\/769110-deborah-williamson\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Prof Deborah Williamson<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/findanexpert.unimelb.edu.au\/profile\/671866-danielle-ingle\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Dr Danielle Ingle<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.petermac.org\/research\/core-facilities\/victorian-centre-functional-genomics\">Victorian Centre for Functional Genomics, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre<\/a> \u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.petermac.org\/staff-details\/kaylene-simpson\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Professor Kaylene Simpson<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sanger.ac.uk\/\">Wellcome Sanger Institute<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cam.ac.uk\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Cambridge University<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:10px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Hudson Institute scientists cannot provide medical advice.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n            <div class=\"block-impact max-w-screen bg-white \">\n                <div class=\"relative z-10 py-12\">\n                    <div class=\"hn-container w-full mx-auto px-3 md:px-7 xl:px-11 block\">\n                        <div class=\"relative mb-4\">\n                            <h2 class=\"font-bold text-2xl md:text-3xl text-blue-800 text-center\" class=\"font-bold text-2xl md:text-3xl text-blue-800 text-center\" id=\"antimicrobial-resistance-news\">Antimicrobial resistance news<\/h2>\n                        <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"slick-slider slick-slider--impact flex relative w-full max-w-full\">\n                            \n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/hudson.org.au\/news\/new-human-gut-virus-discoveries-open-new-paths-to-studying-the-microbiome\/\" class=\"group relative flex flex-col w-1\/5 h-full bg-white mx-1 hover:bg-pink-500 transition duration-200\">\n                                    <div class=\"relative w-full flex-shrink-0 bg-gray-800 bg-cover bg-center h-0\" style=\"padding-top: 100%; background-image: url('https:\/\/hudson.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/aakash-dhage-bye-ndbqqew-unsplash-2-400x400.jpg')\">\n                                                                            <\/div>\n                                    <div class=\"relative h-full p-4 pb-8\">\n                                        <time datetime=\"2025-10-16\" class=\"block text-sm leading-tight mb-1 group-hover:text-white\">16 October 2025<\/time>\n                                        <h3 class=\"text-xl text-blue-700 font-bold leading-tight mb-6 group-hover:text-white\" style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 1.5rem;\" class=\"text-xl text-blue-700 font-bold leading-tight mb-6 group-hover:text-white\" style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 1.5rem;\" id=\"human-gut-virus-discoveries-open-new-field-of-microbiome-medicine\">Human gut virus discoveries open new field of microbiome medicine<\/h3>\n                                        <svg class=\"absolute w-3 h-auto fill-current text-pink-500 group-hover:text-white\" style=\"left: 1rem; bottom: 1rem;\" viewBox=\"0 0 11 17.4\" xml:space=\"preserve\">\n                                            <g>\n                                                <path d=\"M1,17.4c-0.3,0-0.5-0.1-0.7-0.3c-0.4-0.4-0.3-1,0.1-1.4l7.7-7l-7.7-7c-0.4-0.4-0.4-1-0.1-1.4\n                                                    c0.4-0.4,1-0.4,1.4-0.1L11,8.7l-9.4,8.4C1.5,17.3,1.2,17.4,1,17.4z\"\/>\n                                            <\/g>\n                                        <\/svg>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/a>\n                                \n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/hudson.org.au\/news\/how-does-cell-death-trigger-inflammation\/\" class=\"group relative flex flex-col w-1\/5 h-full bg-white mx-1 hover:bg-pink-500 transition duration-200\">\n                                    <div class=\"relative w-full flex-shrink-0 bg-gray-800 bg-cover bg-center h-0\" style=\"padding-top: 100%; background-image: url('https:\/\/hudson.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Kate-Hazel-Timothy-400x400.jpg')\">\n                                                                            <\/div>\n                                    <div class=\"relative h-full p-4 pb-8\">\n                                        <time datetime=\"2023-11-22\" class=\"block text-sm leading-tight mb-1 group-hover:text-white\">22 November 2023<\/time>\n                                        <h3 class=\"text-xl text-blue-700 font-bold leading-tight mb-6 group-hover:text-white\" style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 1.5rem;\" class=\"text-xl text-blue-700 font-bold leading-tight mb-6 group-hover:text-white\" style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 1.5rem;\" id=\"how-does-cell-death-trigger-inflammation\">How does cell death trigger inflammation?<\/h3>\n                                        <svg class=\"absolute w-3 h-auto fill-current text-pink-500 group-hover:text-white\" style=\"left: 1rem; bottom: 1rem;\" viewBox=\"0 0 11 17.4\" xml:space=\"preserve\">\n                                            <g>\n                                                <path d=\"M1,17.4c-0.3,0-0.5-0.1-0.7-0.3c-0.4-0.4-0.3-1,0.1-1.4l7.7-7l-7.7-7c-0.4-0.4-0.4-1-0.1-1.4\n                                                    c0.4-0.4,1-0.4,1.4-0.1L11,8.7l-9.4,8.4C1.5,17.3,1.2,17.4,1,17.4z\"\/>\n                                            <\/g>\n                                        <\/svg>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/a>\n                                \n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/hudson.org.au\/news\/chasing-bacterial-evolution-to-safeguard-human-health\/\" class=\"group relative flex flex-col w-1\/5 h-full bg-white mx-1 hover:bg-pink-500 transition duration-200\">\n                                    <div class=\"relative w-full flex-shrink-0 bg-gray-800 bg-cover bg-center h-0\" style=\"padding-top: 100%; background-image: url('https:\/\/hudson.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Jaclyn-Pearson-Hudson-Institute-400x400.jpg')\">\n                                                                            <\/div>\n                                    <div class=\"relative h-full p-4 pb-8\">\n                                        <time datetime=\"2023-07-05\" class=\"block text-sm leading-tight mb-1 group-hover:text-white\">5 July 2023<\/time>\n                                        <h3 class=\"text-xl text-blue-700 font-bold leading-tight mb-6 group-hover:text-white\" style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 1.5rem;\" class=\"text-xl text-blue-700 font-bold leading-tight mb-6 group-hover:text-white\" style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 1.5rem;\" id=\"chasing-bacterial-evolution-to-safeguard-human-health\">Chasing bacterial evolution to safeguard human health<\/h3>\n                                        <svg class=\"absolute w-3 h-auto fill-current text-pink-500 group-hover:text-white\" style=\"left: 1rem; bottom: 1rem;\" viewBox=\"0 0 11 17.4\" xml:space=\"preserve\">\n                                            <g>\n                                                <path d=\"M1,17.4c-0.3,0-0.5-0.1-0.7-0.3c-0.4-0.4-0.3-1,0.1-1.4l7.7-7l-7.7-7c-0.4-0.4-0.4-1-0.1-1.4\n                                                    c0.4-0.4,1-0.4,1.4-0.1L11,8.7l-9.4,8.4C1.5,17.3,1.2,17.4,1,17.4z\"\/>\n                                            <\/g>\n                                        <\/svg>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/a>\n                                \n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/hudson.org.au\/news\/whats-the-link-between-diet-and-the-gut-microbiome\/\" class=\"group relative flex flex-col w-1\/5 h-full bg-white mx-1 hover:bg-pink-500 transition duration-200\">\n                                    <div class=\"relative w-full flex-shrink-0 bg-gray-800 bg-cover bg-center h-0\" style=\"padding-top: 100%; background-image: url('https:\/\/hudson.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Tamblyn-Thomason-AProf-Sam-Forster-Dr-Nicole-Kellow-Emma-Saltzman-Dr-Marina-Iacovou-400x400.jpg')\">\n                                                                            <\/div>\n                                    <div class=\"relative h-full p-4 pb-8\">\n                                        <time datetime=\"2023-06-20\" class=\"block text-sm leading-tight mb-1 group-hover:text-white\">20 June 2023<\/time>\n                                        <h3 class=\"text-xl text-blue-700 font-bold leading-tight mb-6 group-hover:text-white\" style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 1.5rem;\" class=\"text-xl text-blue-700 font-bold leading-tight mb-6 group-hover:text-white\" style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 1.5rem;\" id=\"whats-the-link-between-diet-and-the-gut-microbiome\">What&#8217;s the link between diet and the gut microbiome?<\/h3>\n                                        <svg class=\"absolute w-3 h-auto fill-current text-pink-500 group-hover:text-white\" style=\"left: 1rem; bottom: 1rem;\" viewBox=\"0 0 11 17.4\" xml:space=\"preserve\">\n                                            <g>\n                                                <path d=\"M1,17.4c-0.3,0-0.5-0.1-0.7-0.3c-0.4-0.4-0.3-1,0.1-1.4l7.7-7l-7.7-7c-0.4-0.4-0.4-1-0.1-1.4\n                                                    c0.4-0.4,1-0.4,1.4-0.1L11,8.7l-9.4,8.4C1.5,17.3,1.2,17.4,1,17.4z\"\/>\n                                            <\/g>\n                                        <\/svg>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/a>\n                                \n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/hudson.org.au\/news\/where-the-microbiome-and-the-immune-system-meet\/\" class=\"group relative flex flex-col w-1\/5 h-full bg-white mx-1 hover:bg-pink-500 transition duration-200\">\n                                    <div class=\"relative w-full flex-shrink-0 bg-gray-800 bg-cover bg-center h-0\" style=\"padding-top: 100%; background-image: url('https:\/\/hudson.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Sam-Forster-and-Marisa-400x400.jpg')\">\n                                                                            <\/div>\n                                    <div class=\"relative h-full p-4 pb-8\">\n                                        <time datetime=\"2023-06-15\" class=\"block text-sm leading-tight mb-1 group-hover:text-white\">15 June 2023<\/time>\n                                        <h3 class=\"text-xl text-blue-700 font-bold leading-tight mb-6 group-hover:text-white\" style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 1.5rem;\" class=\"text-xl text-blue-700 font-bold leading-tight mb-6 group-hover:text-white\" style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 1.5rem;\" id=\"where-the-microbiome-meets-the-immune-system\">Where the microbiome meets the immune system<\/h3>\n                                        <svg class=\"absolute w-3 h-auto fill-current text-pink-500 group-hover:text-white\" style=\"left: 1rem; bottom: 1rem;\" viewBox=\"0 0 11 17.4\" xml:space=\"preserve\">\n                                            <g>\n                                                <path d=\"M1,17.4c-0.3,0-0.5-0.1-0.7-0.3c-0.4-0.4-0.3-1,0.1-1.4l7.7-7l-7.7-7c-0.4-0.4-0.4-1-0.1-1.4\n                                                    c0.4-0.4,1-0.4,1.4-0.1L11,8.7l-9.4,8.4C1.5,17.3,1.2,17.4,1,17.4z\"\/>\n                                            <\/g>\n                                        <\/svg>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/a>\n                                \n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/hudson.org.au\/news\/hudson-institutes-2023-emerging-leaders\/\" class=\"group relative flex flex-col w-1\/5 h-full bg-white mx-1 hover:bg-pink-500 transition duration-200\">\n                                    <div class=\"relative w-full flex-shrink-0 bg-gray-800 bg-cover bg-center h-0\" style=\"padding-top: 100%; background-image: url('https:\/\/hudson.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/WEBSITE-Feature-image-8-e1683680776343-400x400.jpg')\">\n                                                                            <\/div>\n                                    <div class=\"relative h-full p-4 pb-8\">\n                                        <time datetime=\"2023-05-10\" class=\"block text-sm leading-tight mb-1 group-hover:text-white\">10 May 2023<\/time>\n                                        <h3 class=\"text-xl text-blue-700 font-bold leading-tight mb-6 group-hover:text-white\" style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 1.5rem;\" class=\"text-xl text-blue-700 font-bold leading-tight mb-6 group-hover:text-white\" style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 1.5rem;\" id=\"hudson-institutes-2023-emerging-leaders\">Hudson Institute&#8217;s 2023 Emerging Leaders<\/h3>\n                                        <svg class=\"absolute w-3 h-auto fill-current text-pink-500 group-hover:text-white\" style=\"left: 1rem; bottom: 1rem;\" viewBox=\"0 0 11 17.4\" xml:space=\"preserve\">\n                                            <g>\n                                                <path d=\"M1,17.4c-0.3,0-0.5-0.1-0.7-0.3c-0.4-0.4-0.3-1,0.1-1.4l7.7-7l-7.7-7c-0.4-0.4-0.4-1-0.1-1.4\n                                                    c0.4-0.4,1-0.4,1.4-0.1L11,8.7l-9.4,8.4C1.5,17.3,1.2,17.4,1,17.4z\"\/>\n                                            <\/g>\n                                        <\/svg>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/a>\n                                \n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/hudson.org.au\/news\/how-the-microbiome-affects-the-immune-system\/\" class=\"group relative flex flex-col w-1\/5 h-full bg-white mx-1 hover:bg-pink-500 transition duration-200\">\n                                    <div class=\"relative w-full flex-shrink-0 bg-gray-800 bg-cover bg-center h-0\" style=\"padding-top: 100%; background-image: url('https:\/\/hudson.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Claudia-Nold-Marcel-Nold-Sara-di-Simone-Sam-Forster-Ina-Rudloff-400x400.jpg')\">\n                                                                            <\/div>\n                                    <div class=\"relative h-full p-4 pb-8\">\n                                        <time datetime=\"2023-05-04\" class=\"block text-sm leading-tight mb-1 group-hover:text-white\">4 May 2023<\/time>\n                                        <h3 class=\"text-xl text-blue-700 font-bold leading-tight mb-6 group-hover:text-white\" style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 1.5rem;\" class=\"text-xl text-blue-700 font-bold leading-tight mb-6 group-hover:text-white\" style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 1.5rem;\" id=\"how-the-microbiome-affects-the-immune-system\">How the microbiome affects the immune system<\/h3>\n                                        <svg class=\"absolute w-3 h-auto fill-current text-pink-500 group-hover:text-white\" style=\"left: 1rem; bottom: 1rem;\" viewBox=\"0 0 11 17.4\" xml:space=\"preserve\">\n                                            <g>\n                                                <path d=\"M1,17.4c-0.3,0-0.5-0.1-0.7-0.3c-0.4-0.4-0.3-1,0.1-1.4l7.7-7l-7.7-7c-0.4-0.4-0.4-1-0.1-1.4\n                                                    c0.4-0.4,1-0.4,1.4-0.1L11,8.7l-9.4,8.4C1.5,17.3,1.2,17.4,1,17.4z\"\/>\n                                            <\/g>\n                                        <\/svg>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/a>\n                                \n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/hudson.org.au\/news\/rock-star-scientist-announced-as-a-superstar-of-stem\/\" class=\"group relative flex flex-col w-1\/5 h-full bg-white mx-1 hover:bg-pink-500 transition duration-200\">\n                                    <div class=\"relative w-full flex-shrink-0 bg-gray-800 bg-cover bg-center h-0\" style=\"padding-top: 100%; background-image: url('https:\/\/hudson.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Dr-Jaclyn-Pearson-Superstar-News-story-400x400.jpg')\">\n                                                                            <\/div>\n                                    <div class=\"relative h-full p-4 pb-8\">\n                                        <time datetime=\"2022-11-18\" class=\"block text-sm leading-tight mb-1 group-hover:text-white\">18 November 2022<\/time>\n                                        <h3 class=\"text-xl text-blue-700 font-bold leading-tight mb-6 group-hover:text-white\" style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 1.5rem;\" class=\"text-xl text-blue-700 font-bold leading-tight mb-6 group-hover:text-white\" style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 1.5rem;\" id=\"rock-star-scientist-announced-as-a-superstar-of-stem\">Rock star scientist announced as a Superstar of STEM<\/h3>\n                                        <svg class=\"absolute w-3 h-auto fill-current text-pink-500 group-hover:text-white\" style=\"left: 1rem; bottom: 1rem;\" viewBox=\"0 0 11 17.4\" xml:space=\"preserve\">\n                                            <g>\n                                                <path d=\"M1,17.4c-0.3,0-0.5-0.1-0.7-0.3c-0.4-0.4-0.3-1,0.1-1.4l7.7-7l-7.7-7c-0.4-0.4-0.4-1-0.1-1.4\n                                                    c0.4-0.4,1-0.4,1.4-0.1L11,8.7l-9.4,8.4C1.5,17.3,1.2,17.4,1,17.4z\"\/>\n                                            <\/g>\n                                        <\/svg>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/a>\n                                                                <a href=\"https:\/\/hudson.org.au\/related-news\/?related_disease=40022\" class=\"flex flex-col bg-pink-500 hover:bg-pink-400 items-center justify-center p-8 transition duration-200\">\n                                    <p 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